Inventing the Transistor
Under Shockley's direction, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain demonstrated in 1947 the first semiconductor amplifier: the point-contact transistor, with two metal points in contact with a sliver of germanium. In 1948, Shockley invented the more robust junction transistor, built in 1951. The three shared the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics for ...
alternative to NPN 2N222 transistor | Forum for Electronics
Bochum, Germany. Activity points. 297,584. I guess, a silicon transistor could be used as well for your application. By the way, 2N222 is PNP (as all germanium transistors), not NPN. From the data I read, OC75 would be a …
Replacing germanium transistors with silicon in Sencore …
Don't bother to try and modify a circuit using Germanium transistors to use silicon transistors it requires a redesign of the circuit. There are electronic engineers in the Zenith Transoceanic world who have done so in the Royal 1000, and 3000 radios and they tell us the result is not worth the PIA it is to do the mod' remember these Zenith radios do …
finding suitable substitute for 2n3904 transistor
1. Go look up a data sheet for the 2N3904. Notice that most values (leakage, hfe, etc) have a range of possible values. So there is no such thing as a "perfect" replacement - only one which is generally the same. Now look at the data sheets of the potential replacements, and pick one with a good match. – WhatRoughBeast. Oct 13, …
Germanium PNP transistor based amplifier (OC36) | diyAudio
It used Philips Germanium PNP transistors, 10 Watts per channel. Thru external Rola 8 inch C8MX Speakers, it was quality sound, impressed quite a few listeners. There were also hybrid car radios, using a single 2N301 or equivalent Germanium PNP output transistor, which ran a little warm. The rest of the radio had valves (tubes). The …
Transistors
The transistor got its start in the 1940s when engineers began looking for a replacement for the electron tube, an earlier device for amplification and switching. The electron tube was based on the light bulb, so it was big, fragile, and created a lot of excess heat. The inventors of the point-contact germanium transistor were John Bardeen, and ...
Custom Fuzz Face Germanium Transistor Kit, 5 Select Sets
Germanium Joe's Fuzz Face Transistor Kits!This kit includes ten hand selected and tested germanium transistors, grouped into sets for use in a fuzz face style circuit. Swapping and experimentation is highly encouraged.In each fuzz face kit, you will find transistors from a variety of manufacturer...
Transistor Substitute for Teac 4000-series Deck
Germanium transistor replacement I checked the schematics of the A4100S playback amplifier and it is in fact quite simple to replace the original Germanium transistors with more widely available PNP Silicon devices. Only 2 resistor values need to be changed in order to restore the correct DC operating point, as shown in the drawing …
Academic and industry research progress in germanium …
However, before such gate stacks on germanium can be put to practical use in a manufacturable silicon-replacement technology, the thickness of the dielectric, which strongly affects transistor ...
Germanium transistors for a preamplifier | diyAudio
Germanium Transistors There is an audible sound difference between germanium and silicone transistors (it appears that all together germanium devices have lower intermodulation distortion and this is giving "clean" sound similar to tube pre-amps). The best possible transistors for that purpose were AC151r and they were used in …
GE Replacement Transistors for Sale| Talon Electronics LLC
Talon Electronics stocks transistors, diodes, TV parts, ICs, capacitors, replacement parts, hardware, connectors, test equipment parts, resistors, inductors, switches ...
Germanium transistors
When transistors appear in pairs in the original circuit (differential amplifier, Schmitt trigger) change the pair, not just one transistor. When a germanium transistor is used with its base-emitter …
audio
2. the critical characteristics I must match or exceed in equivalents That depends on the circuit so basically how the transistors are used. A "better" specification isn't always "better". Suppose a circuit relies on a certain transistor to have a very low β β, then a more modern transistor with a higher β β isn't what is needed ...
dlucy's guide
You cannot replace a Germanium transistor with a silicon transistor… without significantly redesigning the circuit. Germanium transistors come in PNP and …
Archives : From Germanium to Silicon, A History of Change …
Today, probably 95% of all semiconductors are fabricated in silicon, yet the first transistor was a germanium device. Until 1960 most design engineers preferred germanium to silicon for computer logic circuits, when, suddenly, germanium was out, and silicon was in. ... which in turn signaled the replacement of the commercially dominant ...
ElectroSmash
Buying the Germanium Fuzz Pedal online: You can use our online shop to get:. The PCB: As the BOM and all the documents are available you can get the parts and DIY (you can also order NOS USSR Germanium Transistors). The Full Kit: The complete BOM and the drilled enclosure is included, you only need soldering iron and basic tools. The Design …
Germanium nanowire transistors stack up | Nature …
Chee-Wee Liu and colleagues at the National Taiwan University now report germanium-based eight-stack nanosheet and seven-stack nanowire gate-all-around transistors. The devices are fabricated ...
New Germanium-Based Material Could Replace Silicon for …
Now researchers at Ohio State University (OSU) are bringing germanium back to electronics in a way that they believe could displace silicon. To achieve its new role the researchers have ...
Bendix germanium transistor replacement help
Start at the input's and check both sides of each component. Where the problem rears it's Ugly head should be the output side of your culprit. 2n251 or dtg110b should be close enough for Gov't work. I ran the 43046 # thru NTE, and it came back NTE121. Also the 2n251 AND the DTG110B came back same nte#.
Transistor
Submit your own product image! $4 .89. Quantity *. Add to cart. In Stock. 2N1308 NPN germanium transistors. The 2N1308 is a popular NPN for fuzz pedals and other effects. This transistor is in a TO-39 package.
Silicon vs. Germanium: A Comprehensive Comparison
These transistors were meant to replace the vaccum tubes found in World War Two era Radar. The military wanted smaller, lighter and more powerful radar to bomb Germany. ... We demonstrated the first silicon germanium transistor, which operates at frequencies up to 500 GHz. Our invention refers to so-called band transistors and includes a ...
Replace Germanium Transistors with Silicon PNP ones!
If you ever had a vintage gear where you needed to get it to work but needed a replacement for Germanium transistors especially in audio circuits and you wondered if simply replacing with Silicon PNP transistors would work (with some tweaking and minor adjustments), the answer is yes. I got a Siemens Club RK 231 vintage radio which had …
Redesign Germanium Transistor Circuits, Part 7: …
by James T. Hawes, AA9DT. Redesign Germanium Transistor Circuits, Part 7. Replacement Transistors, Capacitors, & Diodes. Universal Replacement Parts. Fortunately, replacing germanium deviceswith …
Replacement for AC125 Germanium transistor
I'd like to find a modern silicon PNP transistor replacement for an AC125 (those germanium transistors are sometimes noisy... and are rather pricey too). It's a …
replacement
but I must say that $ 6.00 is not cheap. An American replacement for the (European) AC125 could be 2N1176 or 2N406 (even same pin-outs), but I think, for the simple purpose it is used, any transistor that is a low power germanium PNP will do.
Redesign Germanium Transistor Circuits, Part 3
Why? The CK722 has a gain of about 10 to 30. has a gain of about 20 to 30. Today's "universal replacement" transistors such as the 2N2222A and 2N3906 offer a gain of . The modern devices also have lower leakage. …
International Transistor Equivalents Guide
ALSO BY THE SAME AUTHOR BP108 International Diode Equivalents Guide BP140 Digital IC Equivalents and Pin Connections BP141 Linear IC Equivalents and Pin Connections. INTERNATIONAL TRANSISTOR EQUIVALENTS GUIDE. by. ADRIAN MICHAELS BERNARD BABANI (publishing) LTD THE GRAMPIANS. SHEPHERDS BUSH ROAD.
All Transistors. Datasheet. Cross Reference Search
R2 = kOhm. R1/R2 =. Empty or zero fields are ignored during the search! How to choose a replacement for a bipolar transistor 🔗. TOTAL: 143978 transistors.
2N1304 Transistor Pinout, Features, Applications, …
2N1304 is an NPN transistor available in TO-39 transistor package. 2N1304 is a transistor of 2N130x series which also contains other transistors such as 2N1302, 2N1306 and 2N1308. All of the transistors in the series are almost similar and can be used as equivalents. The transistor is made with germanium alloy which is a …
Germanium transistors for fuzz -1
Average characteristics of the AC128 family. Maximum collector-emitter voltage: 12 to 20 V. Power dissipation : 0.5 to 1.2 W (more than most of other small case transistors). Maximum collector current : 0.5 to 1.5A (more than other small case transistors). Gain : 80 to 250 (rarely more than 150). Maximum frequency : 0.5 to 1.5 …